內(nèi)窺鏡是用來觀察人體內(nèi)部體腔的，通過它能直接觀察到內(nèi)腔器官的組成形態(tài)?，F(xiàn)在內(nèi)窺鏡已成為醫(yī)療診斷和微創(chuàng)手術(shù)必不可缺的可靠工具。
Endoscope is used to observe the internal body cavity of human body. Through it, the composition and morphology of internal organs can be directly observed. Now endoscope has become an indispensable and reliable tool for medical diagnosis and minimally invasive surgery.
硬管內(nèi)窺鏡雖然品種繁多,但基本結(jié)構(gòu)是一致的,內(nèi)部的光學系統(tǒng)是由一系列透鏡組成，其作用是把觀察到的物體通過光學系統(tǒng)成像在觀察者的視網(wǎng)膜上。
Although there are many kinds of rigid tube endoscopes, the basic structure is consistent. The internal optical system is composed of a series of lenses, which is used to image the observed objects on the observer's retina through the optical system.
硬管內(nèi)窺鏡的光學系統(tǒng)通常由物鏡(含棱鏡)、棒鏡、目鏡三部分組成。
The optical system of rigid tube endoscope is usually composed of objective lens (including prism), rod lens and eyepiece.

物鏡系統(tǒng)：
Objective lens system:
物鏡通常是由2～4片鏡片（膠合鏡片）組合而成。物鏡的主要作用是把物體成像到鏡頭前。如果視向角不是0°(直視式)的話，如斜視、側(cè)視式內(nèi)窺鏡，需要在物鏡組內(nèi)放置轉(zhuǎn)像的棱鏡。
The objective lens is usually composed of 2 ~ 4 lenses (glued lenses). The main function of objective lens is to image the object in front of the lens. If the viewing angle is not 0 ° (direct viewing type), such as strabismus and side looking endoscope, the image conversion prism needs to be placed in the objective lens group.
由多組同樣尺寸的轉(zhuǎn)像透鏡組成。棒鏡的主要作用是把物鏡上成的像傳輸?shù)焦怅@位置。根據(jù)內(nèi)窺鏡的工作長度不同,棒鏡有1、3、5、7組轉(zhuǎn)像透鏡組成，通常轉(zhuǎn)像系統(tǒng)棒鏡的數(shù)量為奇數(shù)。
It is composed of multiple sets of image conversion lenses of the same size. The main function of the rod lens is to transmit the image formed on the objective lens to the position of the diaphragm. According to the working length of the endoscope, the rod mirror is composed of 1, 3, 5 and 7 groups of image conversion lenses. Generally, the number of rod mirrors in the image conversion system is odd.
目鏡系統(tǒng)：
Eyepiece system:
目鏡位于內(nèi)窺鏡后方鏡體內(nèi)。目鏡的主要作用是把光闌位置成的像放大，目鏡的放大倍數(shù)一般在15～30之間。放大倍數(shù)不能過大，否則物像將無法看清。<在硬管內(nèi)窺鏡插入管部分，又外管、內(nèi)管和照明光纖組成。照明光纖位于內(nèi)管和外管之間，作用是照亮整個視場范圍。
The eyepiece is located in the body behind the endoscope. The main function of the eyepiece is to enlarge the image formed by the diaphragm. The magnification of the eyepiece is generally between 15 and 30. The magnification should not be too large, otherwise the object image will not be able to see clearly< The hard tube endoscope is inserted into the tube part, which is composed of an outer tube, an inner tube and a lighting optical fiber. The lighting fiber is located between the inner tube and the outer tube, and its function is to illuminate the whole field of view.